Abstract
Bacillus cereus, a food poisoning bacterium closely related to Bacillus anthracis, secretes a multitude of virulence factors including enterotoxins, hemolysins, and phospholipases. However, the majority of the in vitro experiments evaluating the cytotoxic potential of B. cereus were carried out in the conditions of aeration, and the impact of the oxygen limitation in conditions encountered by the microbe in natural environment such as gastrointestinal tract remains poorly understood. This research reports comparative analysis of ATCC strains 11778 (BC1) and 14579 (BC2) in aerobic and microaerobic (static) cultures with regard to their toxicity for human lung epithelial cells. We showed that BC1 increased its toxicity upon oxygen limitation while BC2 was highly cytotoxic in both growth conditions. The combined effect of the pore-forming, cholesterol-dependent hemolysin, cereolysin O (CLO), and metabolic product(s) such as succinate produced in microaerobic conditions provided substantial contribution to the toxicity of BC1 but not BC2 which relied mainly on other toxins. This mechanism is shared between CB1 and B. anthracis. It involves the permeabilization of the cell membrane which facilitates transport of toxic bacterial metabolites into the cell. The toxicity of BC1 was potentiated in the presence of bovine serum albumin which appeared to serve as reservoir for bacteria-derived nitric oxide participating in the downstream production of reactive oxidizing species with the properties of peroxynitrite. In agreement with this the BC1 cultures demonstrated the increased oxidation of the indicator dye Amplex Red catalyzed by peroxidase as well as the increased toxicity in the presence of externally added ascorbic acid.
Highlights
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium widely present in the environment
BC1 does not express enterotoxins except non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) (Hansen and Hendriksen, 2001; Gohar et al, 2005), and our preliminary data indicated that it produced cereolysin O (CLO)
At that time a side-by-side comparison of B. anthracis and B. cereus required to characterize commonalities and differences between the pathogenic mechanisms employed by these microbes was complicated by the absence of genome sequence information
Summary
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium widely present in the environment. It is a soil saprophyte that can adapt and proliferate in the lower sections of the human gastrointestinal tract. It is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for local and systemic infections as well as food poisoning of an emetic or diarrheal type (Stenfors Arnesen et al, 2008). The diarrheal syndrome is attributed to enterotoxins: hemolysin BL (Hbl), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and cytotoxin K (CytK). These pore-forming toxins (PFTs) disrupt the membrane of epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract (Senesi and Ghelardi, 2010). Products from other genes such as hemolysin A (hlyA), hemolysin III (hlyIII), phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C (plcA), cereolysin A or phospholipase C (cerA), cereolysin B or sphingomyelinase (cerB), and Immune inhibitor A (InhA) are involved in the pathogenesis of B. cereus (Baida and Kuzmin, 1995; Schoeni and Lee Wong, 2005; Hendriksen et al, 2006; Stenfors Arnesen et al, 2008; Oda et al, 2012; Doll et al, 2013)
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