Abstract
Chlorophyllide (chlide) is a natural catabolic product of chlorophyll (Chl), produced through the activity of chlorophyllase (chlase). The growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide from different plant leaf extracts have not been reported. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves has the potential to exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines. The potential inhibitory and antioxidant effects of chlide in crude extracts from 10 plant leaves on breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep G2), colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2), and glioblastoma cells (U-118 MG) were studied using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays. The results of the MTT assay showed that chlide in crude extracts from sweet potato were the most effective against all cancer cell lines tested. U-118 MG cells were the most sensitive, while Caco2 cells were the most resistant to the tested crude extracts. The cytotoxic effects of chlide and Chl in crude extracts from sweet potato and of commercial chlorophyllin (Cu-chlin), in descending order, were as follows: chlide > Chl > Cu-chlin. Notably, the IC50 of sweet potato in U-118 MG cells was 45.65 μg/mL while those of Chl and Cu-chlin exceeded 200 μg/mL. In the DPPH assay, low concentrations (100 μg/mL) of chlide and Cu-chlin from crude extracts of sweet potato presented very similar radical scavenging activity to vitamin B2. The concentration of chlide was negatively correlated with DPPH activity. The current study was the first to demonstrate that chlide in crude extracts from leaves have potential cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. Synergism between chlide and other compounds from leaf crude extracts may contribute to its cytotoxicity.
Highlights
Plants are the foundation of traditional medicines that have existed for thousands of years [1]
The lowest weight of leaves crude extracts was obtained from sweet potato (43.175 mg/gDW), banana (47.76 mg/gDW), and wax apple (94.29 mg/gDW)
The results indicated that chlide in chlase-treated crude extracts from sweet potato exhibited promising cytotoxicity against MCF7, MDA-MD-231, Hep G2, Caco2, and U-118 MG cell lines, with IC50 values of 116.53, 84.95, 66.73, 80.37, and 45.65 μg/mL, respectively
Summary
Plants are the foundation of traditional medicines that have existed for thousands of years [1]. The potential anticancer activities of these plants have been associated with various bioactive compounds, including chlorophyll (Chl), pheophorbide (Pb), alkaloid, terpenoids, polysaccharides, lactones, flavonoids, carotenoids, glycosides, and cannabidiol [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Beside the possibility of anticancer functions, compounds in plant extract have been demonstrated to exert function of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and attenuate side effects induced by chemotherapeutics [11,12,13]. Those bioactive factors, especially Chl and its derivatives, have demonstrated potential for the treatment of cancer [23]. Chl has been reported to promote cell differentiation and to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer
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