Abstract
Herbs have played a positive role in medicine for thousands of years. In the current study, we investigated the cytotoxicity effects of Scrophularia oxysepala methanolic subfractions and the underlying mechanism responsible for cell death in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7 cells) and mouse fibrosarcoma (WEHI-164 cells). From 60% and 80% methanolic fractions, four subfractions (Fa, Fb, Fc, and Fd), yielded from size exclusion by Sephadex-LH20 column chromatography, were chosen. MTT assay revealed that all subfractions significantly reduced cell viability after 24 h and 36 h in a dose-dependent manner; it is worth noting that Fa and Fb subfractions had the highest cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 52.9 and 61.2 μg/mL in MCF-7 at 24 h, respectively. ELISA, TUNEL, and DNA fragmentation assay revealed that antiproliferative effects of all subfractions were associated with apoptosis on cancer cells, without any significant effect on L929 normal cells. qRT-PCR data showed that, after 24 h treatment with IC50 concentrations of the subfractions, caspase-3 expression was increased in cancer cells while the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. S. oxysepala methanolic subfractions induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and WEHI-164 cells and could be considered as a source of natural anticancer agents.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world; in the United States only, 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths have been estimated in 2015
The cytotoxic effect of one of these species named S. oxysepala was assessed in some cancer cells, and it was unveiled that S. oxysepala induces apoptosis in the mentioned cells [13]
Since the prior research has shown that S. oxysepala extract induces apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells [13], in the current study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the methanolic fractions of S. oxysepala on MCF-7 and WEHI-164 more thoroughly to access the active anticancer compounds of the extract
Summary
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world; in the United States only, 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths have been estimated in 2015. Natural products have played a substantial role in the treatment of disease for thousands of years. More than 60% of all drugs are derived from natural products. The therapeutic effect of different Scrophularia species is observed in scabies, eczema, psoriasis, inflammatory diseases, and tumors. The cytotoxic effect of one of these species named S. oxysepala was assessed in some cancer cells, and it was unveiled that S. oxysepala induces apoptosis in the mentioned cells [13]. Apoptosis is a key cellular process and is a target for development of new anticancer therapeutics [14]
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