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Abstract
Vernonia scorpioides has been widely used in Brazil to treat skin problems and chronic wounds, such as ulcers of the lower limbs and diabetic lesions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of V. scorpioides leaf extract on Ehrlich ascitic and solid tumor-bearing mice. The animals were treated once a day with the DCM fraction at a concentration of 5 mg/kg, administered ip during and after the development of the tumor. The lifespan, weight, number and type of leukocytes, number of tumor cells, volume of solid and ascitic tumors were measured. The development of the tumor with pre-treated tumor cells in vitro with the DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) was analyzed and the animals were sacrificed after 7 days. The DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) totally inhibited tumor development when in direct contact with tumor cells, and also ascitic tumor development with in vitro treatment or when administered ip, in loco (after 7 days). Animals treated with the DCM fraction increased their lifespan ca. 2 weeks and maintained their body weight for 30 days. When applied immediately after the inoculation of the tumor cells in vivo, it totally abolished tumor development, with tumor development only decreasing when treatment was started 3 days after the tumor challenge. These data suggest an antineoplastic activity of the fraction. Oral or ip administration of DCM fraction (5 mg/kg) for 7 days did not reduce the solid tumor volume. The cytotoxic activity described here differs from the conventional immune suppressing profile of standard chemotherapy because it increases neutrophil influx to the peritoneal cavity. These results show that, besides exhibiting a tumoricidal activity, the DCM fraction also exhibits inflammatory activity.
Highlights
Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers., Asteraceae, popularly known as piracá, enxuga or erva-de-São-Simão in Portuguese, is very common in Brazil, and usually grows in poor and deforested neotropical soils [1]
Animals inoculated ip with 5 x 106 Ehrlich ascitic tumor (EAT) cells were divided into 5 treated groups (N = 6) receiving different concentrations of the DCM fraction (5, 30, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg), negative control group and a positive control group treated ip with 20 mg/kg 5-FU [22]
Treatment with a 5 mg/kg dose of the DCM fraction caused a smaller loss of body weight during the 30-day period
Summary
Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers., Asteraceae, popularly known as piracá, enxuga or erva-de-São-Simão in Portuguese, is very common in Brazil, and usually grows in poor and deforested neotropical soils [1]. The topical application of the alcoholic extract of its fresh leaves is widely used to treat a variety of skin disorders, including chronic wounds such as ulcers of the lower limbs. Previous studies of the V. scorpioides crude extract and its derived chloroform and hexane fractions have shown fungicidal activity [2], moderate bactericidal activity and mild wound healing effects [3]. There are an estimated 200 species of Vernonia in Brazil, some of which are traditionally ingested to treat gastrointestinal disorders [4], such as the fresh macerated leaves of V. condensate, commonly known as Indian Bitterness (fel-de-bugre, fel-de-índio or alumã in Portuguese). Some other compounds have been isolated from Vernonia, such as flavonoids [18], steroids [19] and polysaccharides [20]
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