Cytosolic Ca2+–Induced Apoptosis in Rat Cardiomyocytes via Mitochondrial NO-cGMP-Protein Kinase G Pathway

Abstract

Previously, we showed that in adult rat cardiomyocytes, nitric oxide (NO) donors stimulate mitochondrial cGMP production, followed by cytochrome c release, independently of the mitochondrial permeable transition pore. We investigated whether mitochondrial cGMP-induced cytochrome c release from cardiac mitochondria is Ca(2+)-sensitive. Mitochondria and primary cultured cardiomyocytes were prepared from left ventricles of male Wistar rats. The cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration was adjusted with Ca(2+)-EGTA buffers. Cytochrome c released from mitochondria was measured by Western blotting. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V staining. Cytochrome c release from cardiac mitochondria was evoked by buffered Ca(2+) (1 μM); this was inhibited by NO-cGMP pathway inhibitors such as N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine monoacetate (inhibitor of NO synthase), 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (NO scavenger), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene, but not by cyclosporin A (mitochondrial permeable transition pore inhibitor). Furthermore, this release was significantly and dose dependently inhibited by 0.3-3 μM KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor). At the cellular level, intracellular perfusion of cardiomyocytes with buffered Ca(2+) (1 μM) also induced apoptosis, which was inhibited in the presence of ODQ. A membrane-permeable cGMP analog, 8-Br-cGMP, but not cGMP itself, mimicked buffered Ca(2+) actions in both cardiac mitochondria and cardiomyocytes. We further confirmed an increase in protein kinase G activity by adding cGMP in mitochondrial protein fraction. Our results suggest that mitochondrial NO-cGMP pathway-induced cytochrome c release from cardiac mitochondria, triggered by increased cytosolic Ca(2+), occurs through VDAC via the stimulation of an undiscovered mitochondrial protein kinase G.