Cytosine epigenetic modifications and conformational changes in G‐quadruplex DNA: An ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy study

Abstract

Epigenetic modifications of DNA are known to play important regulatory roles in biological systems, especially in regulation of gene expression, and are associated with many types of human diseases, including cancer. Alternative DNA secondary structures, such as G‐quadruplexes, can also influence gene transcription, thus suggesting that such structures may represent a distinctive layer of epigenetic information. G‐quadruplex structures and DNA epigenetic modifications often go side by side, and recent evidence reveals that cytosine modifications within loops of G‐quadruplexes can play a role in modulating their stability and structural polymorphism. Therefore, the development and validation of experimental techniques that can easily and reliably analyse G‐quadruplex structures are highly desirable. In the present study, we propose to exploit the advantages of UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy to investigate cytosine epigenetic modifications along with conformational changes in G‐quadruplex-forming DNA. Our findings show that clear and specific spectral changes occur when there is a change in a G‐quadruplex structure. Moreover, UVRR spectral analysis can indirectly distinguish the spectral variations occurring because of modifications in the guanine glycosidic conformations, as well as detect changes in the loops induced by H-bond formation or hydration of nitrogenous bases. The results further underscore the utility of UVRR spectroscopy for G‐quadruplex structure elucidation under biologically relevant solution conditions.