Cytokinin-Elicited Formation of the Pith-Rib Meristem and Other Effects of Growth Regulators on the Morphogenesis of Echinocereus (Cactaceae) Seedling Shoot Apical Meristems

Abstract

Shoot apical meristems of Echinocereus engelmannii have only a tunica-corpus organization at germination, but the corpus rapidly develops central mother cells, a peripheral zone and a pith-rib meristem. The manner in which nutrition, darkness and various growth regulators at several concentrations and in several combinations affect the development of zonation was examined by growing derooted seedlings on agar which contained the nutrients or growth regulators. Benzylaminopurine was able to elicit the formation of the pith-rib meristem in an otherwise non-zonate corpus. Also, the rate of leaf initiation was greatly increased. Gibberellic acid severely inhibited the formation of corpus zones but had little effect on leaf initiation. Indoleacetic acid had no effects other than mild inhibition of zonation and a slight retardation of leaf initiation. Abscisic acid was strongly inhibitory. Sucrose only slightly increased the rate of leaf formation and did not affect apex size or zonation. To more closely examine the cytokinin-induced effects on the apical meristem, several growth regulators were applied in combination with the most effective concentration of cytokinin. Certain combinations were able to interfere with several of the cytokinin-induced responses, while other cytokinin-induced responses occurred even in the presence of high concentrations of these other growth regulators. Leaf initiation and meristem morphogenesis appeared to be remarkably stable and insensitive to the presence of most hormones except cytokinin and gibberellin.