Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
Highlights
The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most important cultivated fish species contributing to the global economy
It is believed that the expression of IL1-β, IL-10, and IFN in carp during A. hydrophila invasion is triggered primarily by the toll-like receptor 18 (Tlr18), as indicated by a study on the epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell lines (EPC) [90]
These findings suggest that interferon regulatory factors play a significant role in regulating type 1 IFN and interferon-stimulatory genes (ISG) genes in common carp to A. hydrophila infection
Summary
The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most important cultivated fish species contributing to the global economy. Evaluating cytokine responses, which develop in the early stages of infections, is essential in determining the behavior of both host and pathogen during and/or after the infection Preventive measures, such as the development of vaccines and protective approaches related to the fishes’ environment, can be carried out. The selected disease-causing agents represent important pathogens that occasionally infect farmed carp worldwide, resulting in substantial economic losses due to high mortality rates and/or officially ordered culling of fish stocks, as in the case of KHV. Aeromonas hydrophila belongs to the motile aeromonads group, which are the most abundant bacteria in aquatic environments It is responsible for causing carp erythrodertmatitis; sometimes, the disease is recognized as “motile Aeromonas septicemia” (MAS) [8]. The conditions caused by A. hydrophila infection in fish farms are accompanied by high death rates and, subsequently, large economic losses [10]
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