Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common long-term degenerative disorders of the CNS that primarily affects the human locomotor system. Owing to the heterogeneity of PD etiology and the lack of appropriate diagnostic tests, blood-based biomarkers became the most promising method for diagnosing PD. Even though various biomarkers for PD have been found, their specificity and sensitivity are not optimum when used alone. Therefore, the aim of this study was directed to evaluate changes in a group of sensitive blood-based biomarkers in the same PD patients compared to healthy individuals. Serum samples were collected from 20 PD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls. We analyzed serum levels of cytokines (IL10, IL12, and TNF-α), α-synuclein proteins, miRNAs (miR-214, miR-221, and miR-141), and antioxidants (UA, PON1, ARE). Our results showed an increase in sera levels of cytokines in PD patients as well as a positive correlation among them. Also, we found a significant increase in sera levels of α-synuclein protein associated with a decrease in miR-214 which regulates its gene expression. Lastly, we observed a decrease in sera levels of miR-221, miR-141, UA, PON1, and ARE, which have a prominent role against oxidative stress. Because of the many etiologies of PD, a single measure is unlikely to become a useful biomarker. Therefore, to correctly predict disease state and progression, a mix of noninvasive biomarkers is required. Although considerable work has to be done, this study sheds light on the role of certain biomarkers in the diagnosis of PD.

Highlights

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common long-term degenerative disorders of the CNS that primarily affects the human locomotor system

  • Our results showed an increase in sera levels of cytokines in PD patients as well as a positive correlation among them

  • We found a significant increase in sera levels of α-synuclein protein associated with a decrease in miR-214 which regulates its gene expression

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Summary

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common long-term degenerative disorders of the CNS that primarily affects the human locomotor system. PD characterized by two main pathological hallmarks: 1) death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), followed by a depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum, 2) abnormal deposition of α-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of certain neurons in several different brain regions [2, 3]. It is not yet clear what causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc. mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and accumulation of misfolded proteins may be involved in PD pathogenesis [3,4,5]. UA) systems both defend against oxidative stress and reduce the incidence of neurodegeneration [12, 13]

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