Abstract
Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification of cytokines has significant value in both clinical medicine and biology as the levels provide insights into physiological and pathological processes and can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment. Cytokines and their clinical significance are introduced from the perspective of their pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory effects. Factors affecting cytokines quantification in biological fluids, native levels in different body fluids, sample processing and storage conditions, sensitivity to freeze‐thaw, and soluble cytokine receptors are discussed. In addition, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo assays, biosensors based on different signal outputs and intracellular to extracellular protein expression are summarized. Various quantification platforms for high‐sensitivity and reliable measurement of cytokines in different scenarios are discussed, and commercially available cytokine assays are compared. A discussion of challenges in the development and advancement of technologies for cytokine quantification that aim to achieve real‐time multiplex cytokine analysis for point‐of‐care situations applicable for both biomedical research and clinical practice are discussed.
Highlights
Introduction clinical disordersAccurate quantification of cytokines offers valuable information in the clinical context to monitor the Cytokines are soluble proteins with low molecular weight immune status of patients and for adjusting therapies in differ-(≈6–70 kDa), secreted from a variety of cells
We summarize recent advances regarding the development of biosensors for cytokine detection both in vitro and in vivo, as well as current commercially available cytokine assays
Cytokines can be classified into a number of categories including tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons (IFNs), colony stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs)
Summary
Cytokines can be classified into a number of categories including tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons (IFNs), colony stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and TGF-β, inhibit inflammation and suppress immune cells.[43] Some cytokines (such as IL-6) have both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Cytokine concentrations were measured by Carreno et al.[209] Stool samples were taken from healthy adults aged 40–65. These samples were collected in specimen containers and placed into plastic bags, surrounded by frozen gel packs, delivered to the center and stored at −80 °C. Pro-inflammatory, promotes Th1 immune responses/secretion of Th1-associated cytokines, inhibits ECM synthesis by SMC MHC I expression
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
