Abstract
Exposure to micro-organisms commonly elicit the production of cytokines. These soluble factors enhance several innate immune functions that aim to limit the spread of infection. Further, many of the pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the ensuing specific immune response. In addition to their effects on cells of the immune system, cytokines also are important regulators in the so called immune-neuroendocrine network. The microbial structures that are necessary for induction of cytokine production are not conclusively determined but in general, bacteria preferentially induce the production of IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas virus induce the production of Type 1 interferons (IFN-α/β). The onset of production of these cytokines is rapid, and several of them may reach systemic levels during a short period after infection. Thus, cytokines can serve as markers for ongoing infections and be used for discrimination between infections of bacterial or viral origin. Results from experimental and field studies show that serum IFN-α and IL-6 seem to be useful markers for ongoing (subclinical) viral and bacterial infections, respectively, in the pig. Consequently, demonstration of these cytokines can be valuable tools in heard health monitoring programs.
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