Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease, with varied course and symptoms. Its etiology is very complex and not clearly understood. There is growing evidence of the important role of cytokines in SLE pathogenesis, as well as their utility as biomarkers and targets in new therapies. Other potential new SLE biomarkers are microRNAs. Recently, over one hundred different microRNAs have been demonstrated to have a significant impact on the immune system. Various alterations in these microRNAs, associated with disease pathogenesis, have been described. They influence the signaling pathways and functions of immune response cells. Here, we aim to review the emerging new data on SLE etiology and pathogenesis.

Highlights

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology with extensive multi-systemic effects

  • The main aim of this review is to recollect and summarize recent evidence supporting the role of cytokines and miRNAs in the immunopathology of SLE, and to analyze their possible role as biomarkers that would be useful for disease management or evaluation of the activity of SLE and the risk of different organs involvement

  • Higher IL-17 concentration is connected with TCRαβ+CD4-CD8-T cells, which have been shown to infiltrate the kidney in LN

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Summary

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology with extensive multi-systemic effects. Identifying new SLE biomarkers might be a useful tool to sub-classify patients, quantify the risk of organ involvement and predict which clinical manifestation they might develop, as well as assign them the most appropriate treatment. It may facilitate early and accurate SLE diagnosis and improve the evaluation of medications in clinical trials. The main aim of this review is to recollect and summarize recent evidence supporting the role of cytokines and miRNAs in the immunopathology of SLE, and to analyze their possible role as biomarkers that would be useful for disease management or evaluation of the activity of SLE and the risk of different organs involvement

Cytokines
MicroRNA-Functions and Contribution to the Pathogenesis of SLE
Cytokines as Biomarkers for SLE
IFN and IFN-Inducible Genes
IL-17 and IL-23
Limitation of Cytokine Measurement
MicroRNA as Biomarkers for SLE
MiR-146a
MiR-125a
MiR-142-3p and MiR-142-5p
MiR-155
Findings
Conclusions

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