Abstract
It is widely recognized that surface nanotextures applied on a biomaterial can affect wettability, protein absorption and cellular and/or bacterial adhesion; accordingly, they are nowadays of great interest to promote fast osseointegration and to maintain physiological healing around biomedical implants. In order to be suitable for clinical applications, surface nanotextures must be not only safe and effective, but also, they should be produced through industrial processes scalable to real devices with sustainable processes and costs: this is often a barrier to the market entry. Based on these premises, a chemical surface treatment designed for titanium and its alloys able to produce an oxide layer with a peculiar sponge like nanotexture coupled with high density of hydroxyl group is here presented. The modified Ti-based surfaces previously showed inorganic bioactivity intended as the ability to induce apatite precipitation in simulated body fluid. Physicochemical properties and morphology of the obtained layers have been characterized by means of FESEM, XPS, and Zeta-potential. Biological response to osteoblasts progenitors and bacteria has been tested. The here proposed nanotextured surfaces successfully supported osteoblasts progenitors' adhesion, proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition thus demonstrating good biocompatibility. Moreover, the nanotexture was able to significantly reduce bacteria surface colonization when the orthopedic and the periodontal pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains were applied for a short time. Finally, the applicability of the proposed surface treatment to real biomedical devices (a 3D acetabular cup, a dental screw and a micro-sphered laryngeal implant) has been here demonstrated.
Highlights
Titanium and its alloys are the most widely employed materials for orthopedic and dental implants due to their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility
AFM analyses confirmed the presence of the sponge-like nanotexture (Figures 1C–E)
The Average Roughness (Sa) and Root Mean Square Roughness (Sq) of the CT samples depend on the size of the analyzed area: they were respectively 77.7 and 100.7 nm on an area of 5 × 5 μm, 15.9 nm and 20.6 nm on an area of 1 × 1μm and 10.5 and 13.2 nm on an area 0.5 × 0.5 μm
Summary
Titanium and its alloys (mainly Ti6Al4V) are the most widely employed materials for orthopedic and dental implants due to their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Nanotextured Titanium Oxide Layers a contact with soft tissues (e.g., dental implant collar, percutaneous implants, laryngeal implants): so, a new field of investigation has been recently developed to focus on this type of material-tissue integration (Linkevicius and Vaitelis, 2015; Salvi et al, 2015; Ferraris et al, 2017a,b). Modification of surface topography, bioactive coatings and chemical/electrochemical treatments aimed at obtaining bioactive oxide layers can be cited as the most important ones (de Jonge et al, 2008). These strategies are based on the consolidated knowledge that surface topography, chemical composition and charge are the main factors affecting tissue-surface biological interactions. Despite a significant increase in interest, surface modifications aimed at the improvement of the interactions with soft tissues are still less investigated (Ferraris et al, 2017a,b)
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