Cyst Nematode Infection Elicits Alteration in the Level of Reactive Nitrogen Species, Protein S-Nitrosylation and Nitration, and Nitrosoglutathione Reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots.

Elżbieta Różańska,Justyna Fidler,Beata Prabucka,Marta Gietler,Ewa Muszyńska,Mateusz Labudda,Iwona Morkunas

doi:10.3390/antiox9090795

Abstract

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are redox molecules important for plant defense against pathogens. The aim of the study was to determine whether the infection by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii disrupts RNS balance in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. For this purpose, measurements of nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), protein S-nitrosylation and nitration, and nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in A. thaliana roots from 1 day to 15 days post-inoculation (dpi) were performed. The cyst nematode infection caused generation of NO and ONOO− in the infected roots. These changes were accompanied by an expansion of S-nitrosylated and nitrated proteins. The enzyme activity of GSNOR was decreased at 3 and 15 dpi and increased at 7 dpi in infected roots, whereas the GSNOR1 transcript level was enhanced over the entire examination period. The protein content of GSNOR was increased in infected roots at 3 dpi and 7 dpi, but at 15 dpi, did not differ between uninfected and infected roots. The protein of GSNOR was detected in plastids, mitochondria, cytoplasm, as well as endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membranes. We postulate that RNS metabolism plays an important role in plant defense against the beet cyst nematode and helps the fine-tuning of the infected plants to stress sparked by phytoparasitic nematodes.

Highlights

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), especially nitric oxide (NO), play vital roles as biochemical regulators of growth and development processes during plants’ life, and they are involved in signal transduction in plant cells under both optimal and stressful environmental conditions
At 1 dpi, NO was detected in root cells close to the J2 penetration zone, along the nematode migration road, as well as close to the nematode head (Figure 1a–c)
In uninfected roots examined at days corresponding to the infection, specific fluorescence signals originating from NO were not detected using this applied analytic method (Figure 1d,h,l,p)

Summary

Introduction

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), especially nitric oxide (NO), play vital roles as biochemical regulators of growth and development processes during plants’ life, and they are involved in signal transduction in plant cells under both optimal and stressful environmental conditions. NO is a key regulator of solute transport, autophagy, and programmed cell death [1]. Numerous studies have shown the interplay between NO and other molecules involved in signal transduction during plant defense response to biotic stress factors [2,3,4,5]. NO is mainly produced in two various pathways [6]. One of them is based on non-enzymatic transformations of nitrites under. NO can be released enzymatically because of nitrite ions reduction catalyzed by nitrate (NIA) or nitrite (NIR)

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