Cylindropuntia cholla aqueous root rich in phytosterols enhanced immune response and antimicrobial activity in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus leukocytes

Abstract

“Cacti” are rich sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant activity, and their use is mainly focused on infusions in traditional medicine in Mexico. This study characterizes the chemical compounds found in Cylindropuntia cholla root by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and determines the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as their antioxidant capacity. The immunostimulatory effect of aqueous C. cholla root extract (ACcr) was evaluated at concentrations of 50, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL in Tilapia peripheral blood leukocytes. The results obtained by the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoid and phytosterol derivatives as β-sitosterol and campesterol. The determination of the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents indicated that ACcr is abundant in polyphenols, showing an anti-radical capacity of scavenging free radicals, such as those of hydroxyl and superoxide, as well as an increase in lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity. Stimulation of tilapia leukocytes resulted in the increase of its phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, nitric oxide production, and superoxide dismutase activity. Finally, the results obtained for the first time allowed establishing the chemical profile of ACcr and its antimicrobial activity against three important pathogenic bacteria. The potential of this root is indicated as an additive in formulating antioxidant and immunostimulant supplements for the aquaculture and pharmaceutical industry.