Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an indole-tetramic acid neurotoxin produced by some of the same strains of A. flavus that produce aflatoxins and by some Aspergillus oryzae strains. Despite its discovery 40 years ago, few reviews of its toxicity and biosynthesis have been reported. This review examines what is currently known about the toxicity of CPA to animals and humans, both by itself or in combination with other mycotoxins. The review also discusses CPA biosynthesis and the genetic diversity of CPA production in A. flavus/oryzae populations.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites which, if ingested, can evoke a wide range of toxic responses and disease conditions in higher vertebrates
This review aims to provide an historic overview of Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) studies and the most recent progress made in the elucidation of CPA biosynthesis
The CPA and aflatoxin gene clusters are contiguous on the subtelomeric region of chromosome 3 in the A. flavus and A. oryzae genomes
Summary
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites which, if ingested, can evoke a wide range of toxic responses and disease conditions in higher vertebrates. CPA can contaminate a Toxins 2009, 1 number of agricultural commodities, animal feeds, and food sources. This toxin has been found in edible tissue in poultry, milk, and eggs [6,7,8] presumptively due to animals’ consumption of contaminated feeds. The benign nature of CPA has rendered it to receive much less attention of the mycotoxin research community than its counterparts such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins and ochratoxins in the past two decades. The chemistry and biochemistry of the synthesis of CPA, which was carried out primarily in a Penicillium strain, received considerable attention in the 1970s. This review aims to provide an historic overview of CPA studies and the most recent progress made in the elucidation of CPA biosynthesis
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