Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis afflict over 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes, causing diabetic dyslipidemia. Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) leaf is a herbal tea which has long been consumed by the Chinese population, particularly people suffering from obesity and diabetes. CP appears to exhibit a hypolipidemic effect in lipid loaded mice (Kurihara et al., 2003), although the detailed mechanisms and active ingredients for this hypolipidemic effect have not yet been answered. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of CP and predicted the mechanisms by utilizing lipidomics, serum-pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology approaches. Our results revealed that serum and hepatic levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), as well as 30 lipids including cholesterol ester (CE), diglyceride (DG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) in CP-treated mice were improved in comparison with untreated diabetic mice. In parallel, 14 phytochemical compounds of CP were determined in mice serum after CP administration. Mechanistically, the network pharmacology analysis revealed the predicted targets of CP’s active ingredients ALOX12, APP, BCL2, CYP2C9, PTPN1 and linked lipidome targets PLD2, PLA2G(s), and PI3K(s) families could be responsible for the CP effects on diabetic dyslipidemia. In conclusion, this study revealed the beneficial effects of CP on diabetic dyslipidemia are achieved by reducing accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and regulating circulatory lipids in diabetic mice, possibly through PI3K signaling and MAPK signaling pathways. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTWork flow of the evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea on dyslipidemia in diabetic mice.
Highlights
Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis are frequently found in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (Jung and Choi, 2014; Perry et al, 2014)
Hyperlipidemia is characterized as high total cholesterol (T-CHO), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels (Richhariya et al, 2015), whilst hepatic steatosis is represented by high TG, T-CHO, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (Stern and Castera, 2017)
Emerging evidence suggest that dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (Andriankaja and Joshipura, 2014; Association, 2015), and pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy is effective to alleviate the complications of type 2 diabetes including hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, coronary heart disease, etc. (Zafrir and Jain, 2014; Sattar et al, 2016; Spence et al, 2016)
Summary
Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis are frequently found in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (Jung and Choi, 2014; Perry et al, 2014). Emerging evidence suggest that dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (Andriankaja and Joshipura, 2014; Association, 2015), and pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy is effective to alleviate the complications of type 2 diabetes including hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, coronary heart disease, etc. Previous studies have investigated the anti-diabetic function and mechanism of CP leaves on STZ and high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice, and its potent hypoglycemic effect has been verified on diabetic mice (Wang Q. et al, 2013; Ma et al, 2015). Our objective is to study the effects of CP on lipid disorders in diabetes and elucidate its mechanism-of-actions
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