Cycling of dissolved and particulate nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord, Norway: stable isotopic variations

Abstract

Abstract The reaction pathways of nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord (Norway) were studied through stable isotope analysis ( δ 15 N and δ 13 C ) of dissolved inorganic and particulate organic matter (POM). The variations in the isotopic compositions of the various C and N pools within the water column were use to evaluate the historical deposition of material to the sediments. The high δ 15 N -NH 4 + at the O 2 /H 2 S interface, as a consequence of microbial uptake between 19 and 25 m, results in extremely depleted δ 15 N -particulate nitrogen (PN) of approximately 1‰ within the particulate maximum at approximately 19 m. The carbon isotopic distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) within the interface suggests that the distinct microbial flora ( Chromatium sp. and Chlorobium sp.) fractionate inorganic carbon to different degrees. The extremely light δ 13 C -POC within the interface (−31‰) appears to be a result of carbon uptake by Chromatium sp. while δ 13 C -POC of −12‰ is more indicative of Chlorobium sp. Nitrogen isotopic mass balance calculations suggested that approximately 75% of the material sinking to the sediments was derived from the dense particulate maximum between 19 and 25 m. The sediment distribution of nitrogen isotopes varied from 2‰ at the surface to approximately 6‰ at 30 cm. The nitrogen isotopic variations with depth may be an indicator of the depth or position of the O 2 /H 2 S interface in the fjord. Low sediment δ 15 N indicated that the interface was within the photic zone of the water column, while more enriched values suggested that the interface was lower in the water column potentially allowing for less fractionation during biological incorporation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Results indicate that the dense layers of photo-autotrophic bacteria in the upper water column impart unique carbon and nitrogen isotopic signals that help follow processes within the water column and deposition to the sediments.