Abstract
A proper understanding of the properties of iron could increase the effectiveness of programmes for alleviating iron deficiency. Recently, encapsulation has been considered an appropriate method for protecting iron from injurious reactions. However, several events may occur during encapsulation processes, including changes in the iron’s oxidation state. Oxidation of ferrous iron is not desirable since the intestines can only absorb iron in the ferrous form. In this study, a cyclic voltammetry method was applied to investigate the likelihood of ferrous gluconate oxidation for the preparation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate microparticles. Then, the electrochemical properties of ferrous gluconate were confirmed experimentally. The oxidation rate of ferrous gluconate is also discussed in this paper. All the experimental solutions were formulated in detail to produce conditions similar to those of microparticle production. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted using a configuration of three electrodes connected to an electrochemical analyser. Graphite, platinum wire, and Ag/AgCl were employed as the auxiliary, working, and reference electrodes, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry results show that the observed potential for each anodic peak shifted negatively in the presence of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. Moreover, the rate of ferrous oxidation tended to increase during 75 min of experiments due to the presence of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. These behaviours indicate the transformation of ferrous iron to ferric iron during iron microparticle preparation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that spray drying is a preferable method to minimise the oxidation reaction.
Highlights
Iron deficiency (ID) is an important issue in public nutrition, affecting 20% of the world’s population [1, 2]
The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) in Indonesia remains higher than 15% due to the following factors: (i) low dietary intake of iron, (ii) poor bioavailability, and (iii) chronic blood loss by infection [4, 7, 13]
Various scan rates were applied, and different concentrations of ferrous gluconate (FeG), Ch, and Tp were used to determine the appropriate conditions for Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, so that a clear cyclic voltammogram could be obtained
Summary
Iron deficiency (ID) is an important issue in public nutrition, affecting 20% of the world’s population [1, 2]. E Indonesian government has implemented two programmes for ID prevention through iron supplementation and fortification [9, 10]. Since the 1970s, women have been advised to consume 90 tablets of iron/folic acid supplements during pregnancy [6]. The iron fortification of flour has been implemented since 1998. The prevalence of ID in Indonesia remains higher than 15% due to the following factors: (i) low dietary intake of iron (less than 20 mg/day), (ii) poor bioavailability, and (iii) chronic blood loss by infection (in certain regions) [4, 7, 13]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
