Abstract
There have been many reviews of the cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin (CD) and CD-based materials used for drug delivery, but the capacity of CDs to complex different agents and their own intrinsic properties suggest they might also be considered for use as active drugs, not only as carriers. The aim of this review is to summarize the direct use of CDs as drugs, without using its complexing potential with other substances. The direct application of another oligosaccharide called cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose (CNN) is also described. The review is divided into lipid-related diseases, aggregation diseases, antiviral and antiparasitic activities, anti-anesthetic agent, function in diet, removal of organic toxins, CDs and collagen, cell differentiation, and finally, their use in contact lenses in which no drug other than CDs are involved. In the case of CNN, its application as a dietary supplement and immunological modulator is explained. Finally, a critical structure–activity explanation is provided.
Highlights
Cyclodextrins (CDs, Figure 1) are torus-shaped oligosaccharides made up of α-(1,4)-linked glucose units, obtained by the degradation of starch by the enzyme cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTAse), which were (CDs) discovered by Antoine Villiers [1]
In addition to CDs, another dietary indigestible cyclic oligosaccharide formed by four D-glucopyranosyl residues linked by alternating α(1→3) and α(1→6) glucosidic linkages was recently found to have intrinsic bioactivity cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose or cyclotetraglucose (CNN, Figure 1 [21]) The present review will update the most relevant applications mentioned in the review made by Braga et al, 2019, including applications, such as the ability of CDs to combat aggregation diseases, their dietary functions, toxins removal, cell differentiation, and their application in contact lenses
The review aims to provide a general overview of the use of different oligosaccharides as active drugs, rather than as mere drug carriers, summarizing and updating the most relevant applications mentioned in previous reviews and adding new possible uses
Summary
Cyclodextrins (CDs, Figure 1) are torus-shaped oligosaccharides made up of α-(1,4)-linked glucose units, obtained by the degradation of starch by the enzyme cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTAse), which were (CDs) discovered by Antoine Villiers [1]. In addition to CDs, another dietary indigestible cyclic oligosaccharide formed by four D-glucopyranosyl residues linked by alternating α(1→3) and α(1→6) glucosidic linkages was recently found to have intrinsic bioactivity cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose or cyclotetraglucose (CNN, Figure 1 [21]) The present review will update the most relevant applications mentioned in the review made by Braga et al, 2019, including applications, such as the ability of CDs to combat aggregation diseases, their dietary functions, toxins removal, cell differentiation, and their application in contact lenses. The review aims to provide a general overview of the use of different oligosaccharides as active drugs, rather than as mere drug carriers, summarizing and updating the most relevant applications mentioned in previous reviews and adding new possible uses
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