Cybersecurity Threats and Vulnerabilities in Energy Transition to Smart Electricity Grids

Abstract

AbstractNational electricity grids and their respective system operators play a critical role in the modernisation and digitisation of our societies. The ongoing transition to smarter grids and demand response systems, the integration of new technologies and also new consumer behaviours, as well as other challenges such as the need to improve efficiency and connect to more intermittent types of generations are all part of a plethora of opportunities which also embed a large variety of new vulnerabilities and risks. In particular, with most systems being in the digital world, this exponentially increases the risks of cyberattacks, putting at risk entire systems of smart grids and creating new challenges for the national grid to manage these threats as it moves to a more system operation-focused entity from previously a more static, distribution-focused role. This calls for the need to improve or create new defence strategies, capabilities and mechanisms. This chapter first identifies the most exploited vulnerabilities in the software, hardware and network layers of national electricity grids. It then explores the threats these systems are exposed to, based on their respective vulnerabilities. Finally, it aims to offer a view of the most efficient current defence solutions – as well as a glimpse into the need for the development of new protective solutions and mechanisms.KeywordsCybersecurityIndustrial control systemsSmart gridsMalware