Cyber–Physical–Social Systems for Smart City

Abstract

Cyber–physical–social system (CPSS) is a novel emerging paradigm that offers innovative services through the in-depth building of smart cities, which are tightly fused with the human physical system and its corresponding cyber world. These systems improve the efficacy and controllability of complex systems by intelligent human–machine interaction in cyber-space. A smart city is defined as a connectable, sensible, accessible, ubiquitous, sharable, and visible closed-loop system that supports the technology-based infrastructure, usually consisting of sensors and actuators embedded throughout the urban topography. These networks interconnect with wireless mobile devices such as smart phones with an Internet-based backbone with cloud service. A smart city is a highly stochastic hybrid structure that solves issues successfully with the help of an interdisciplinary approach and captures the overall vision outline. The CPSS collects data and flows it from the human physical systems such as the condition of traffic, bridges, parking space, roads or buildings, quality of air or water information, and status of resources of cities. Enabling a smart city setting involves a cyber–physical infrastructure combined with a new platform of software and strict requirements for security, privacy, safety, mobility, and the processing of huge amounts of information called big data. In addition, endeavors to deploy smart city applications have provided invaluable feedback from the city officials responsible for adopting such deployments and the end operators themselves. Transportation and energy networks are important arteries for the urban environment, and citywide systems should be functioning efficiently, and user and environmentally friendly. To ensure the operation of systems, a real-time view of the operating system of infrastructure is needed to control it. Therefore, the trend is surging to recognize the importance and involvement of CPSS in social dimensions that have the power to transform their essential services. This chapter will discuss how CPSS has the potentiality to adaptively optimize operation toward an intelligent transportation system, continuous real-time monitoring of its state, environment, and related behaviors while providing real-time recommendations. The transportation-based CPS system helps to improve its throughput, safety, and unique challenges related to detection, sensing, communication, computation, and control should be jointly addressed in the presence of heterogeneous information, resource limitations, and human interaction. As vehicles need extensive discrete logical implementation of software, therefore in this chapter, we investigate techniques such as modeling, security and safety control, system verification, and dynamic of vehicles for this application system. In the end, the result will help understand the important factors related to the operation of CPSS and how to optimize their operation in the transportation system. It will advance stochastic modeling, estimation, and control theories to collectively address the challenges related to this problem. This chapter will first introduce the smart cities with CPSS and then describe its key goals and drivers. After that, we delineate the specific CPSS concepts, tools, and key techniques to advancing CPSS for smart city from a technical perspective. The fourth point of this chapter highlights some of our work and the work of other colleagues in smart cities that is particularly noteworthy as CPSS. This chapter also discusses the future research challenges and visions of CPSS with smart cities. Lastly, we conclude this chapter by sharing our opinions and suggestions.