Abstract
The aim of the research outlined in this paper is to demonstrate the implementation of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) within the End of Life (EoL) processing of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). The described system was created by reviewing related areas of research, capturing stakeholder's requirements, designing system components and then implementing within an actual EoL EEE processer. The research presented in this paper details user requirements, relevant to any EoL EEE processer, and provides information of the challenges and benefits of utilising CPSs systems within this domain.The system implemented allowed an EoL processer to attach passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to cores (i.e. mobile phones and other IT assets) upon entry to the facility allowing monitoring and control of the core's refurbishment. The CPS deployed supported the processing and monitoring requirements of PAS 141:2011, a standard for the correct refurbishment of both used and waste EEE for reuse. The implemented system controls how an operator can process a core, informing them which process or processes should be followed based upon the quality of the core, the recorded results of previous testing and any repair efforts. The system provides Human-Computer Interfaces (HCIs) to aid the user in recording core and process information which is then used to make decisions on the additional processes required.This research has contributed to the knowledge of the advantages and challenges of CPS development, specifically within the EoL domain, and documents future research goals to aid EoL processing through more advanced decision support on a core's processes.
Highlights
The volume of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) placed onto the UK market continues to grow
(4) Services, the main service implemented within this Cyber-Physical System (CPS) has been a route decision service which guides the operator through the refurbishment process, using other services such as sorting and cost
The results have been discussed with regards to the CPSs' impact on the case study's business and the challenges identified with the operation and implementation
Summary
The volume of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) placed onto the UK market continues to grow. The resale value of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment (UEEE), such as smart phones, can be much greater than the value of recycling its materials, with one example of a mobile phone originally retailing at £599, having a reuse value of £290 but a material value of just £0.72 (Benton et al, 2015). This example highlights that whilst reuse is better for the environment, it presents a business opportunity. Evidence of this opportunity can be seen in the growth of the market for UEEE prepared for reuse, which is seen as limited
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