Abstract
Hydraulic cylinders are well known as cheap and robust actuators for moving heavy loads, especially in harsh environments. For this reason, they are often used in construction machines such as excavators. Basically, the hydraulic cylinders are controlled by four-way proportional spool valves, resulting in poor energy efficiency due to resistance control. Furthermore, because all valve edges are located at the same spool, common proportional valves suffer from limited flexibility with regard to different loads. Independent metering (IM) is a well-known strategy for making proportional hydraulic drives more efficient and more flexible because each port of the actuator can be connected individually to pressure or tank by independent two-way proportional valves. In this paper, the IM concept is realized as an open-loop control for a hydraulic cylinder drive, which, in combination with a human operator, constitutes a so-called cybernetic proportional system (CPS). The piston velocity commanded by the operator is controlled by the compensation of the static characteristics of the proportional seat-type valves. Basic simulations show the benefits and also the problems of open-loop independent metering. Furthermore, measurements on one actuator of a real excavator regarding controllability and energy consumption are presented.
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