Abstract
Among various types of threats to urban and rural security, there has been an increase in cybercrime in recent years, an increase in criminal offenses in the e-environment. This also applies to the sexual exploitation of children in the e-environment. Sexual violence against children in cyberspace is linked to objectively determined factors, such as the development of Internet technologies and their wide availability. The active efforts of children to learn and use the new technologies, the attractiveness of the virtual environment in contrast to the real situation and the ambiguous and in many cases incomprehensible nature, as well as the saturation of pornographic material in the Internet, the weak control of their distribution, should be noted. Due to the increasing availability of the Internet, the expansion of e-services in cities and rural areas is relatively balanced. An Internet user may be at risk in both big cities and in a less populated rural area. Among Internet users the proportion of young people and children is relatively high, which objectively determines their increased victimization potential. Among threats to children related to the e-environment, multiple forms of child sexual abuse, including cyberbullying, sextings, sextorings, cyberstalkings, are increasing.
Highlights
Sexual abuse of children and sexual exploitation of children, including on the Internet, and child pornography as well, constitute a serious violation of fundamental rights, especially as regards the right of the child to protection and care, necessary for children wellbeing
The sexual exploitation of children in the e-environment is influenced by the specific nature of the environment in which they are located
Factors contributing to the increase in child sexual abuse in cities and rural areas in the e-environment can be divided into the following groups: a) Technogenic factors: Wide availability of the Internet; Increased Internet download speed; number of users, including minors; informative communication technologies (ICT) modernization; b) cultural environmental factors: accessibility of social services; level of socio-economic development; c) factors characterizing the personality of children
Summary
Sexual abuse of children and sexual exploitation of children, including on the Internet, and child pornography as well, constitute a serious violation of fundamental rights, especially as regards the right of the child to protection and care, necessary for children wellbeing. With the use of new technologies and the Internet, child pornography containing images of sexual abuse of children, including other serious forms of child sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children, is growing and spreading. On 13 December 2011, the European Parliament adopted Directive 2011/92 / EU on combating the sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of children and child pornography and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA [7]. The Directive provides for criminal liability for deliberate access to child pornography using information or communication technologies. According to Eurostat’s requirements, such activities as prostitution in national accounts, which could include child pornography, should be included [33]
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