Cyber-seaworthiness: A critical review of the literature

Abstract

This paper provides a thorough literature review of maritime cyber-risks and the maritime cyber-security policy framework, focusing on the concept of seaworthiness. Policy instruments in force, do not focus on cyber-threats, and the industry addresses relevant challenges, with recommendations and expertise from third parties. Moreover, increased digitization of operations, as well as the advent of marine autonomous surface ships (MASS), imply higher relevant risks and require new mitigation strategies. This work demonstrates that the prevailing definitions of seaworthiness do not suffice in the contemporary context of operations characterized by a high degree of automation. In this regard, the term cyber-seaworthiness is newly introduced and defined with the aim of addressing the identified gaps. This novel approach shall enhance certainty levels to the industry and serve as a basis for future research, legal argumentation, as well as policy making.