Abstract
This paper aims to present an approach to investigate cyber risk perception with use of recognized psychological models, and to give an overview of state-of-the-art research within the field of cyber risk perception in general and in the context of the maritime domain. The focus will be on determinative dimensions within the psychometric paradigm and cognitive biases, and to give recommendations on further research within these fields. Okoli and Schabram’s eight-step guide to plan, select, extract, and execute a systematic literature review is used as guidance. The search process resulted in 25 relevant articles which describes 24 dimensions of cyber risk perception in different online environments. Research within the area of maritime cyber security is increasing, however, no studies relevant for our literature review were found within the maritime domain. The nine dimensions in the psychometric model, perceived benefit and the optimistic bias is presented and discussed in a maritime context. Cyber risk perception is a complex research-area where both determinative factors and other cognitive processes can be influenced by each other. This can indicate that the dimensions differ across populations and professions, creating grounds for why context-specific studies are important. Further research may benefit from more multidisciplinary, descriptive, and inductive approaches, and contextual studies within maritime cyber risk perception can contribute to develop targeted tools for risk mitigation to enhance safety at sea.
Highlights
In today’s maritime operations there is an increasing reliance on digitalization, integration, automation, and networked-based systems
Part of this process is the acknowledgement of cyber security as a human behavioral issue, and not just something the Information Technology (IT)-departments should deal with [3], [8]
MARITIME CYBER SECURITY AND CYBER RISKS The term cyber security can be defined as “the protection of cyberspace itself, the electronic information, the ICTs that support cyberspace, and the users of cyberspace in their personal, societal and national capacity, including any of their interests, either tangible or intangible, that are vulnerable to attacks originating in cyberspace” [22]
Summary
In today’s maritime operations there is an increasing reliance on digitalization, integration, automation, and networked-based systems. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recognized the urgent need to raise awareness on cyber risks and threats, publishing a resolution stating that an VOLUME XX, 2021 approved safety management system should consider cyber risks [6], [7] Part of this process is the acknowledgement of cyber security as a human behavioral issue, and not just something the IT-departments should deal with [3], [8]. MARITIME CYBER SECURITY AND CYBER RISKS The term cyber security can be defined as “the protection of cyberspace itself, the electronic information, the ICTs that support cyberspace, and the users of cyberspace in their personal, societal and national capacity, including any of their interests, either tangible or intangible, that are vulnerable to attacks originating in cyberspace” [22] This definition includes users of cyberspace as assets in need of protection. A safety incident, such as a fire or a collision, could leave onboard systems in an emergency state in which they could be more vulnerable to cyber risks
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