Abstract
The smart grid is arguably one of the most complex cyber-physical systems (CPS). Complex security challenges have been revealed in both the physical and the cyber parts of the smart grid, and an integrative analysis on the cyber-physical (CP) security is emerging. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the critical attack threats and defence strategies in the smart grid. We start this survey with an overview of the smart grid security from the CP perspective, and then focuses on prominent CP attack schemes with significant impact on the smart grid operation and corresponding defense solutions. With an in-depth review of the attacks and defences, we then discuss the opportunities and challenges along the smart grid CP security. We hope this paper raises awareness of the CP attack threats and defence strategies in complex CPS-based infrastructures such as the smart grid and inspires research effort toward the development of secure and resilient CP infrastructures.
Highlights
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are inducing profound changes in the modern society
This paper aims to provide a review on the state-of-the-art of CP attack schemes and defence strategies in the smart grid
As the timing and order of interdiction are non-trivial challenges to the formulation of an optimisation problem [34, 35], data-driven approach based on reinforcement learning [36] and heuristic approach based on risk graph [37] have been proposed to search for the critical attack sequence
Summary
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are inducing profound changes in the modern society. Composed of computation, communication, and physical systems and processes, CPS integrate, and coordinate heterogeneous components with increasing intelligent, interactive, and distributed operations in the modern critical infrastructures. The ongoing developments and deployments of CPS and technologies in the smart grid are continuously unveiling new vulnerabilities and schemes; the known threats merit prompt re-evaluation in line with the new progresses. It has thereby become a task of paramount importance to keep up with the latest advances along this research frontier. We hope to facilitate the understanding of existing and emerging vulnerabilities and to inspire innovations and solutions for the security and resilience of the smart grid as well as other critical CPS infrastructures.
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