Abstract
Gender role norms have been widely studied in the offline partner violence context. Different studies have indicated that internalizing these norms was associated with dating violence. However, very few research works have analyzed this relation in forms of aggression against partners and former partners using information and communication technologies (ICT). The objective of the present study was to examine the co-occurrence of cyber dating abuse by analyzing the extent to which victimization and perpetration overlap, and by analyzing the differences according to conformity to the masculine gender norms between men who are perpetrators or victims of cyber dating abuse. The participants were 614 male university students, and 26.5% of the sample reported having been a victim and perpetrator of cyber dating abuse. Nonetheless, the regression analyses did not reveal any statistically significant association between conformity to masculine gender norms and practicing either perpetration or victimization by cyber dating abuse.
Highlights
The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has exponentially grown in recent years
This study analyzed the association between cyber dating abuse and conformity to masculine gender norms in a sample of Spanish male university students
The results revealed that 26.5% of the participants were involved in cyber dating abuse as perpetrators/victims as opposed to 12.5% who were only victims and 6.5% who were only perpetrators
Summary
The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has exponentially grown in recent years. A mobile phone is the device most widely used to access the Internet, with a mean frequency of use of 170 min a day [1]. The study performed by Hootsuite [3] indicates that 92% of the Internet users in Spain connect on a daily basis and spend a mean of 5 h and 20 min browsing the Internet from any device, and especially spend time using social networks, for which they spend a mean time of 1 h and 50 min. In line with former research, ICT like smartphones (text messages, messenger services), websites of social networks (Facebook, Twitter), and telephone applications (Instagram, Snapchat), facilitate constant communication between partners [4], but can be used as a means to directly exercise aggression and to control partners or former partners [5]. Various terms can be used to name this phenomenon, such as “electronic dating violence” [6], “digital forms of dating violence” [7], “intimate partner cyber harassment” [8], “cyber partner abuse” [9], “cyber psychological abuse” [10], the term most widely used by the scientific community is “cyber dating abuse” [11,12]
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