Abstract
The potential use of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases has been extensively investigated although the mechanisms involved in cellular signaling need to be further elucidated. Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a typical anthocyanin of many pigmented fruits and vegetables widespread in the human diet. In the present study, the protection afforded by cyanidin-3-glucoside against cytokine-triggered inflammatory response was evaluated in the human intestinal HT-29 cell line, in comparison with 5-aminosalicylic acid, a well-established anti-inflammatory drug, used in inflammatory bowel disease. For this purpose, some key inflammatory mediators and inflammatory enzymes were examined. Our data showed that cyanidin-3-glucoside reduced cytokine-induced inflammation in intestinal cells, in terms of NO, PGE2 and IL-8 production and of iNOS and COX-2 expressions, at a much lower concentration than 5-aminosalicylic acid, suggesting a higher anti-inflammatory efficiency. Interestingly, cyanidin-3-glucoside and 5-aminosalicylic acid neither prevented IkB-α degradation nor the activation of NF-kB, but significantly reduced cytokine-induced levels of activated STAT1 accumulated in the cell nucleus. In addition, we established that phosphorylated p38 MAPK was not involved in the protective effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside or 5-aminosalicylic acid. Taking into account the high concentrations of dietary anthocyanins potentially reached in the gastrointestinal tract, cyanidin-3-glucoside may be envisaged as a promising nutraceutical giving complementary benefits in the context of inflammatory bowel disease.
Highlights
Anthocyanins belong to the family of flavonoids and constitute the largest group of water soluble pigments in nature, responsible for the blue and purple colours of many fruits and vegetables, being widespread in the human diet
In an attempt to clarify the biochemical mechanism underlying the activation of iNOS, COX-2 and IL-8 observed in cytokinestimulated HT-29 and the corresponding protection in pre-treated cells with C3G and/or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), we evaluated the putative effects on nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) activation
It is known that health effects of polyphenols depend on the ingested amount and on the achieved bioavailability which deeply differs among the various polyphenols [8]
Summary
Anthocyanins belong to the family of flavonoids and constitute the largest group of water soluble pigments in nature, responsible for the blue and purple colours of many fruits and vegetables, being widespread in the human diet. Due to their relatively high consumption, the impact of anthocyanins on health promotion and disease prevention has been extensively investigated in the last decades [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. 5-ASA is not free of adverse effects, it is usually well tolerated [14]
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