Abstract
Nowadays, it is known that oxidative stress plays at least two roles within the cell, the generation of cellular damage and the involvement in several signaling pathways in its balanced normal state. So far, a substantial amount of time and effort has been expended in the search for a clear link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the effects of oxidative stress. Here, we present an overview of the different sources and types of reactive oxygen species in CVD, highlight the relationship between CVD and oxidative stress and discuss the most prominent molecules that play an important role in CVD pathophysiology. Details are given regarding common pharmacological treatments used for cardiovascular distress and how some of them are acting upon ROS-related pathways and molecules. Novel therapies, recently proposed ROS biomarkers, as well as future challenges in the field are addressed. It is apparent that the search for a better understanding of how ROS are contributing to the pathophysiology of CVD is far from over, and new approaches and more suitable biomarkers are needed for the latter to be accomplished.
Highlights
In 1985, the term oxidative stress was coined by Sies [1] to broadly describe a disturbance in the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants
A modulated xanthine dehydrogenase (XO) activity has been related with pulmonary hypertension [99], and the signaling pathway of the transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) has targets implicated in proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis; and it is known to be involved in pulmonary vascular remodelling that leads to pulmonary hypertension [100]
Though the influence of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease (CVD) genesis has been clearly elucidated, the main factor that remains is the deciphering of the precise mechanisms involved in CVD pathophysiology
Summary
In 1985, the term oxidative stress was coined by Sies [1] to broadly describe a disturbance in the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. Nervous system physiology regulation, immune cell differentiation and response regulation [3,4,5,6], as well as the mediation of phosphatases, kinases, growth factor signaling pathways and even stem cell differentiation [7,8,9] are some of the mechanisms that have been reported to be influenced by ROS, producing either beneficial or damaging consequences. Xenobiotics, such as radiation, drugs, habits like smoking, as well as environmental agents, interact with cellular sources of ROS, inducing its generation. The main focus will be CVD and the influence that oxidative stress has on these pathologies
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
