Cutting-edge insights: Crack growth rates in 9% Ni steel from room to cryogenic conditions influenced by crack closure and effective stress intensity factors

Abstract

This study investigates the fatigue crack growth rate of 9% Ni steel at varying stress ratios under both room and cryogenic temperatures, attributing different growth rates to the phenomenon of crack closure. Traditional methods of studying crack closure, including the opening force, compliance ratio, and adjusted compliance ratio techniques, are assessed. Our results are juxtaposed with previous formulae for the opening force technique, leading to the introduction of a new formula that incorporates temperature effects by normalising the stress intensity factor with the yield strength at the respective test temperature. We highlight the adjusted compliance ratio (ACR) technique's limitations at cryogenic temperatures due to challenges in measuring notch open-crack compliance. As a solution, we present an innovative method that determines compliance using the effective elastic modulus. The mechanics behind the ACR technique are elucidated through the lens of the wedging mechanism. Our insights reveal that the ACR technique precisely calculates the effective stress intensity factor range (ΔKeff) under specific conditions. We address existing limitations by introducing a novel method, the triple compliance ratio (TCR) technique. A comparative analysis of effective stress intensity factors from all four techniques reveals the TCR technique's superior ability to correlate crack closure with crack growth. By eliminating the crack closure effect, the TCR technique offers a more accurate prediction of fatigue crack growth rate across diverse load ratios.