Cutting-Edge Advancements in EIS Technologies for Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in Water

Abstract

The emerging research surrounding biosensors has seen an unprecedented rise in recent years: from innovative methods of exploiting the bio-recognition event to groundbreaking first-generation designs, work around biosensors is playing a more substantial role in all facets of modern biotechnology. This mini-review explores a type of biosensor that analyzes bio-recognition events through a technique known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS technique belongs to the electrochemical class of biosensors and is used to examine analyte-electrode interactions through the transfer of electrons. While the technique has proved effective in detecting several virulent bacteria, this review will primarily focus on E. coli O157:H7, L.monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium. These three pathogens are all highly contagious and capable of causing severe infections and thus must be carefully managed in essential resources such as water. Though existing methods are effective, there are ways EIS biosensing can be further enhanced in terms of accuracy and precision. At the end of the manuscript, we further overview the state-of-the-art challenges and opportunities in EIS.