Abstract
Biofilm formation and microbial adhesion are two related and complex phenomena. These phenomena are known to play an important role in microbial life and various functions with positive and negative aspects. Actinobacteria have wide distribution in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This phylum is very large and diverse and contains two important genera Streptomyces and Mycobacteria. The genus Streptomyces is the most biotechnologically important, while the genus Mycobacteria contains the pathogenic species of Mycobacteriaceae. According to the literature, the majority of studies carried out on actinomycetes are focused on the detection of new molecules. Despite the well-known diversity and metabolic activities, less attention has been paid to this phylum. Research on adhesion and biofilm formation is not well developed. In the present review, an attempt has been made to review the literature available on the different aspects on biofilm formation and adhesion of Actinobacteria. We focus especially on the genus Streptomyces. Furthermore, a brief overview about the molecules and structures involved in the adhesion phenomenon in the most relevant genus is summarized. We mention the mechanisms of quorum sensing and quorum quenching because of their direct association with biofilm formation.
Highlights
A biofilm is a well-organized and collaborative community of microorganisms. ese associated cells are differentiated from the suspended ones by reduced growth rate, gene regulation, and the secretion of an extracellular polymer matrix [1]
Five extracts obtained from Streptomyces akiyoshinensis (A3) reduced the cell surface hydrophobicity, which is a crucial factor for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus pyogenes [104]
Great efforts are being deployed in areas related to the production of valuable compounds and antibiotics. e biotechnological processes are more efficient using biofilms than planktonic cells. e greatest metabolic and phylogenetic diversity in Actinobacteria provides an exceptional opportunity to explore their multifactorial abilities for biotechnological applications [23]
Summary
A biofilm is a well-organized and collaborative community of microorganisms. ese associated cells are differentiated from the suspended ones by reduced growth rate, gene regulation, and the secretion of an extracellular polymer matrix [1]. Is taxon includes pathologically important strains (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and biotechnologically pertinent strains (Corynebacterium glutamicum and Streptomyces griseus), so exact information on their growth and cell division dynamics is essential to design a treatment or production boosting strategies [18]. Most of what is known about biofilm formation in Actinobacteria comes from the study of antibiotic production in this taxon. While it is the most important phenomenon, the aim of this review is not to present an overview on the biofilm formation mechanisms. An attempt has been made to review the literature available on different aspects on biofilm formation and adhesion of Actinobacteria. Quorum quenching; there is a direct relation between these phenomena
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