Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in young adults have significantly improved in recent years. Research methods have widened significantly, for example, by introducing spectral optical tomography of the eye. Invasive diagnostics, for example, fluorescein angiography, are done less frequently. The early introduction of an insulin pump to improve the administration of insulin is likely to delay the development of diabetic retinopathy, which is particularly important for young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first years of diabetes occurring during childhood and youth are the most appropriate to introduce proper therapeutic intervention before any irreversible changes in the eyes appear. The treatment of DR includes increased metabolic control, laserotherapy, pharmacological treatment (antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory treatment, enzymatic vitreolysis, and intravitreal injections), and surgery. This paper summarizes the up-to-date developments in the diagnostics and treatment of DR. In the literature search, authors used online databases, PubMed, and clinitrials.gov and browsed through individual ophthalmology journals, books, and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
Highlights
IntroductionCurrent studies have revealed a definite global increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes, with the World Health Organization (WHO) projecting that there will be up to 285 million cases in the year 2025 [1]
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem worldwide
In another research Klein et al demonstrated that, among the 271 examined patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) diagnosed before the age of 30 without symptoms of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the beginning of this study, after 4 years of diabetes duration as much as 59% of patients have developed nonproliferative DR as well as in 11% of patients frequency of PDR increased to 14% after 13 years of diabetes duration
Summary
Current studies have revealed a definite global increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes, with the World Health Organization (WHO) projecting that there will be up to 285 million cases in the year 2025 [1]. This increase is mainly expected in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a parallel increase in childhood diabetes, including T1DM and T2DM, has been reported [2]. The main concern in diabetes is the development of changes connected with micro- and macrocirculation. The growth of diabetes and DR is a major concern for developing countries [8]. There is a high proportion of undiagnosed diabetes in developing countries
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