Abstract
Theranostics has emerged in recent years to provide an efficient and safer alternative in cancer management. This review presents an updated description of nanotheranostic formulations under development for skin cancer (including melanoma), head and neck, thyroid, breast, gynecologic, prostate, and colon cancers, brain-related cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. With this focus, we appraised the clinical advantages and drawbacks of metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanosystems, such as low invasiveness, low toxicity to the surrounding healthy tissues, high precision, deeper tissue penetration, and dosage adjustment in a real-time setting. Particularly recognizing the increased complexity and multimodality in this area, multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles, comprising different nanomaterials and functionalized with targeting moieties and/or anticancer drugs, present the best characteristics for theranostics. Several examples, focusing on their design, composition, imaging and treatment modalities, and in vitro and in vivo characterization, are detailed herein. Briefly, all studies followed a common trend in the design of these theranostics modalities, such as the use of materials and/or drugs that share both inherent imaging (e.g., contrast agents) and therapeutic properties (e.g., heating or production reactive oxygen species). This rationale allows one to apparently overcome the heterogeneity, complexity, and harsh conditions of tumor microenvironments, leading to the development of successful targeted therapies.
Highlights
Cancer, a complex, heterogeneous, and aggressive disease, is globally recognized as overwhelmingly challenging in terms of clinical management
For those types of tumors explored, there is a tremendous focus on designing multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms that comprise targeting molecules, photosensitizers, and anticancer drugs under clinical use, in order to improve the time until regulatory approval and clinical translation of these nanotechnologies
When we compared it to products that have already been in clinical practice for many years, such as DoxilTM/CaelyxTM or AbraxaneTM, nanotheranostics still show a limited presence in clinical trials
Summary
A complex, heterogeneous, and aggressive disease, is globally recognized as overwhelmingly challenging in terms of clinical management. Recent worldwide data from GLOBOCAN estimate 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths due to cancer in 2018 [1]. A precise diagnosis combined with effective treatments are vital for improved clinical outcomes. In this context, the recent advancements in nanotechnology and combined biomaterials have been providing novel nanosystems with increased complexity and multiple properties to respond to the distinct mechanisms involved in cancer development. NNaannootthheerraannoossttiiccss:: polymeric, metallic, and lipid-based nanosystems for cancer management. HHeennccee,, ffoorr tthhee aapppprraaiissaall ooff ccuurrrreenntt lliitteerraattuurree,, aa nnoonn--ssyysstteemmaattiicc rreevviieeww wwaass ccoonndduucctteedd bbeettwweeeenn SSeepptteemmbbeerr aannddOOctcotboebrer2021081. 8W. e hWaevehiadveentiifdieedntbifioethdobriogtihnaol rriegsienaarlchreasnedarrcehvieawndarrteicvlieesw, reaprotirctliensg, rreepceonrttintegchrencieqnutetsefcohrntihqeudesevfoerlotphme denevt eolfonpamneonthteorfannaonstoicths,ebraanseodstoicns,pboalsyemdeornic,pmoleytmalelirci,ca, nmdetliaplliidc-, abnadsedlipniadn-obpasaerdticlneasnfoopr acratniccleerss afot reacralyncoerrsmeattasetaartliyc sotargme.eOtansltyattihcesmtaogset.recOenntlyantdheremproesstenretacteinvte apnudblirceaptrioesnesnitnadtievxeedpuinblPicuabtiMonesd/iMndEeDxLeIdNiEnoPruSbcMopeuds/, MwEriDtteLnINinEEonrglSischopaunsd,/owrrPitotertnuginueEsengwliesrhe acnodns/iodrerPeodr.tOugthueerswe iwsee,rreesceoanrcsihdaerrteidcl.esOwtheererwmiasen,uraelslyeaorbcthaianretdiclferos mweprreevmioaunsupaullbyliocbattiaoinnes.d from previous publications
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