Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles divided into subclasses that are determined by density, size and surface charge as well as protein composition. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. HDLs promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and have several atheroprotective functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and anti-oxidation. HDLs are considered to be atheroprotective because they are associated in serum with paraoxonases (PONs) which protect HDL from oxidation. Polyphenol consumption reduces the risk of chronic diseases in humans. Polyphenols increase the binding of HDL to PON1, increasing the catalytic activity of PON1. This review summarizes the evidence currently available regarding pharmacological and alternative treatments aimed at improving the functionality of HDL-C. Information on the effectiveness of the treatments has contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasma levels of HDL-C, thereby promoting the development of more effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. For that purpose, Scopus and Medline databases were searched to identify the publications investigating the impact of current therapies focused on high-density lipoproteins.
Highlights
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles divided into subclasses that are determined by density, size and surface charge as well as protein composition
A meta-analysis made with 15,252 individuals showed a 2–3% reduction in cardiovascular disease when plasma High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased to 1 mg/dL [9]
Patients treated with ezetimibe (10 mg/day) (302), 1234 patients treated with simvastatin (10 mg/day, 20 mg/day, 40 mg/day or 80 mg/day) and 1236 patients with combination of both drugs (10/10 mg/day, 10/20 mg/day, 10/40 mg/day or 10/80 mg/day), are associated with smaller decreases in Apo B compared with Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-C and non-HDL-C
Summary
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles divided into subclasses that are determined by density, size and surface charge as well as protein composition. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. HDLs promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and have several atheroprotective functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and anti-oxidation. Scopus and Medline databases were searched to identify the publications investigating the impact of current therapies focused on high-density lipoproteins. Non-polar lipids are found, such as cholesterol. The surface of lipoproteins is composed of amphipathic lipids such as free cholesterol and phospholipids (mainly sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine) exhibiting their polar groups to the esters, triglycerides, andtheir small amounts ofends fat-soluble vitamins, which makeThis the monolayer core highly aqueous medium while hydrophobic are oriented towards the core
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