Abstract
Probiotics play an important role against infectious pathogens via their effects on the epithelium, the production of antimicrobial compounds, and competitive exclusion. Administration of probiotic supplements may reduce the risk of infectious diseases and the use of antibiotics, hence contributing to a reduction or a delay of the development of multi-resistant bacteria. Infection is a constant concern for people who experience recurrent infections, and antibiotic treatment usually fails due to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, an infection can lead to severe illness and hospitalization if left untreated. A growing number of studies have demonstrated promising results for a variety of probiotic strains used to prevent or treat acute and recurrent infectious diseases, but additional standardized clinical research is needed.
Highlights
Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs
There is extensive consideration that probiotics are essential dietary components that can reduce the risk of infectious diseases due to their functions in mediating the immune responses in epithelial cells, which are associated with systemic immune functions and the epithelial mucosa
In a rat gastrectomy model, high-dose probiotics (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and Lacticaseibacillus acidophilus) can downregulate the levels of inflammatory proteins caused by the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signal pathway (Zheng et al, 2021)
Summary
Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium that is maintained in body tissues and organs Environmental factors, such as exposure to infectious pathogens, can constantly interact with human commensal bacteria and the immune system, both of which work together to shape an individual’s health conditions. There is progressive recognition that microbiotagenerated derivatives play a crucial role in human physiology, which has profound effects on the immune system. From these observations, one concept that can lend support is that mammals are holobionts; they rely on both host and microbial genomes, i.e., the hologenome, for optimal function (Rooks and Garrett, 2016). They play a significant role in infectious diseases (Table 1), the beneficial effects of which are elaborated
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