Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressive, poor prognosis malignant tumor caused by hematopoietic stem cells/progenitor cells. In recent years, there have been significant advances in basic and preclinical research on AML. Compared with traditional chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) significantly improved prognosis. However, with high recurrence rates and low 5-year survival rates, more and more attention has been focused on immunotherapy strategies for AML. Given the immunological characteristics of AML and the mechanisms of immune escape, ongoing efforts are aimed at improving the strategy of immunotherapy and the design of novel therapies, such as vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric receptor-engineered T cells (CAR-T), and checkpoint inhibitors, which hopefully can deliver higher specificity and efficacy in AML therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunological characteristics of conventional AML therapies, explore immune avoidance mechanisms, and describe the mechanisms of active and passive immunotherapies and current clinical trials.
Highlights
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fast-growing malignant blood cancer caused by the overproliferation of progenitor cells at different stages of myeloid primitive cell development
These mature dendritic cells (DC) bind to RNA encoding the leukemia-associated antigen Wilm's tumor protein 1 and secrete the antigen in melanoma to stimulate an immune response based on AML-specific T cells. [12, 13]
The results showed that first-line monotherapy with low-dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) significantly improved the overall survival of these patients compared to best supportive care (BSC), and GO showed undeniable efficacy.[37]
Summary
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fast-growing malignant blood cancer caused by the overproliferation of progenitor cells at different stages of myeloid primitive cell development. In AML, primitive myeloid cells and immature myeloid cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood go through abnormal proliferation, leads to rapid growth of a large number of abnormal cells in bone marrow and blood, which interferes with normal hematopoietic function of the human body. They prevent the marrow from making normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Recent studies on the frequency of gene mutations and some susceptible biomarkers have found that AML may be the result of genetic and environmental factors
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