Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is formed via non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions at the α–amino group of βVal1 residues in the tetrameric Hb, and it can reflect the ambient glycemic level over the past two to three months. A variety of HbA1c detection methods, including chromatography, immunoassay, enzymatic measurement, electrochemical sensor and capillary electrophoresis have been developed and used in research laboratories and in clinics as well. In this review, we summarize the current status of HbA1c biosensors based on the recognition of the sugar moiety on the protein and also their applications in the whole blood sample measurements.
Highlights
With the worldwide improvement in the living conditions of humans in general, accompanied by problematic changes in diet and life-style habits such as reduced exercise, diabetes mellitus (DM)has become a major epidemic disease
Stöllner and coworkers developed a sandwich-type HbA1c sensor consisting of the first layer of Stöllner and coworkers developed a sandwich-type HbA1c sensor consisting of the first layer of a site-directed Hp-modified cellulose membrane for Hbs enrichment, after capturing the Hbs, and a site-directed Hp-modified cellulose membrane for Hbs enrichment, after capturing the Hbs, and sequential addition of an anti-HbA1c antibody followed by the introduction of anti-immunoglobin G (IgG)(sheep)-glucose oxidase (GOx) for sequential addition of an anti-HbA1c antibody followed by the introduction of anti-IgG(sheep)-GOx the specific detection of bound HbA1c [41]
The enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase-antibody conjugate measured by absorbance spectroscopy is proportional to the amount of surface-bound measured by absorbance spectroscopy is proportional to the amount of surface-bound anti-HbA1c antibody for glycated pentapeptide (GPP), but in an inverse relationship to HbA1c concentration
Summary
With the worldwide improvement in the living conditions of humans in general, accompanied by problematic changes in diet and life-style habits such as reduced exercise, diabetes mellitus (DM). In the past several decades, a variety of HbA1c detection methods has been developed, such as immunoassay [8], ion-exchange chromatography [9], boronate affinity chromatography [10], electrophoresis [11,12], and a colorimetric method [13] Those methods can be generalized into three basic chemical principles based on charge differences, structural differences and chemical reactivity. We summarize recent progress in the development of HbA1c biosensors from several aspects, including the prototypical methodology for HbA1c measurement, applications in whole-blood sample analysis, and the development of point-of-care (POC) technology in this research field, including non-invasive biosensors for diabetes
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