Abstract
Plant factories with artificial lightings (PFALs) have been drawing tremendous attention worldwide particularly after 2010. Possibilities of PFALs for the contribution to solve environmental, agricultural, and other social challenges that our globe has been facing have been vigorously discussed globally. Each region or country has their own backgrounds and motivations on the PFALs movements. Various terms to describe this field other than PFAL are used in each region, such as vertical farm, city farm, indoor agriculture, and controlled environment agriculture, and each term has slightly different definitions. This chapter focuses on PFAL with LED lightings. The LED grow lights are one of the key factors of PFALs to economically and technically move the industry forward. PFALs with LED lighting market in Asia, Europe, and other regions are discussed in this chapter.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
