Abstract
Stem cell therapy has prompted the expansion of veterinary medicine both experimentally and clinically, with the potential to contribute to contemporary treatment strategies for various diseases and conditions for which limited or no therapeutic options are presently available. Although the application of various types of stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs), and umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs), has promising potential to improve the health of different species, it is crucial that the benefits and drawbacks are completely evaluated before use. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of stem cells; nonetheless, isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from UCB presents technical challenges. Although MSCs have been isolated from UCB of diverse species such as human, equine, sheep, goat, and canine, there are inherent limitations of using UCB from these species for the expansion of MSCs. In this review, we investigated canine UCB (cUCB) and compared it with UCB from other species by reviewing recent articles published from February 2003 to June 2017 to gain an understanding of the limitations of cUCB in the acquisition of MSCs and to determine other suitable sources for the isolation of MSCs from canine. Our review indicates that cUCB is not an ideal source of MSCs because of insufficient volume and ethical issues. However, canine reproductive organs discarded during neutering may help broaden our understanding of effective isolation of MSCs. We recommend exploring canine reproductive and adipose tissue rather than UCB to fulfill the current need in veterinary medicine for the well-designed and ethically approved source of MSCs.
Highlights
In the last 20 years, stem cells have received ample attention from researchers in both human and veterinary medicine for their functional characteristics and therapeutic potential in different applications [1,2,3,4]
For a report to be included in this survey, it must have contained “Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCB-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs))” in either the heading or the abstract
Bieback et al reported that a net volume of more than 33 mL of Umbilical cord blood (UCB) and a mononucleated cell (MNC) count higher than 1 × 108 are difficult to achieve for the isolation of UCB-MSCs from human subjects
Summary
In the last 20 years, stem cells have received ample attention from researchers in both human and veterinary medicine for their functional characteristics and therapeutic potential in different applications [1,2,3,4]. MSCs are used in clinical cell therapies and trials in many countries [14] for their in vitro expansion, notable multilineage differentiation potential [15, 16], capability to treat tissue injury [17, 18], viability after long-term storage by cryopreservation [19], support of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion as feeder cells [20], and immunomodulatory properties [21, 22] These extensively applied cells were first depicted by Friedenstein et al as a cell population analogous to fibroblasts [23]. This is the first review that highlights the limitations of cUCB for the isolation of MSCs and suggests another significant source of MSCs in canine
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