Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing technique that allows rapid prototyping of objects with intricate architectures. This Review covers the recent state-of-the-art of biopolymers (protein and carbohydrate-based materials) application in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing and main reinforcement approaches of biomacromolecular structure for the development of 3D constructs. Some perspectives and main important limitations with the biomaterials utilization for advanced 3D printing procedures are also provided. Because of the improved the ink's flow behavior and enhance the mechanical strength of resulting printed architectures, biopolymers are the most used materials for 3D printing applications. Biobased polymers by taking advantage of modifying the ink viscosity could improve the resolution of deposited layers, printing precision, and consequently, develop well-defined geometries. In this regard, the rheological properties of printable biopolymeric-based inks and factors affecting ink flow behavior related to structural properties of printed constructs are discussed. On the basis of successful applications of biopolymers in 3D printing, it is suggested that other biomacromolecules and nanoparticles combined with the matrix can be introduced into the ink dispersions to enhance the multifunctionality of 3D structures. Furthermore, tuning the biopolymer's structural properties offers the most common and essential approach to attain the printed architectures with precisely tailored geometry. We finish the Review by giving a viewpoint of the upcoming 3D printing process and recognize some of the existing bottlenecks facing the blossoming 3D pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing applications.
Highlights
There is increased attention to fabricate robust smart objects aimed at a variety of pharmaceutical, food, and bioengineering sectors
A unique 3D printable ink hydrogel based on starch mixing with alginate, pectin, carrageenan, and gelatin has been developed for the 3D printing process.[11,33,80,88]
For a specific 3D printing process, greater nozzle diameter and/ or extrusion rate could considerably decrease the operation time, albeit always triggered a negative impact toward printing accuracy, whereas smaller nozzle diameter enhances the resolution, while leading to a substantial increase in the processing period. This Review focuses on the application progress of biobased polymers and main procedures for biopolymeric structure reinforcements in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing
Summary
There is increased attention to fabricate robust smart objects aimed at a variety of pharmaceutical, food, and bioengineering sectors. The biobased polymeric inks need to be obtained such that the pseudoplastic properties during extrusion conditions to offer high printability and resolution This technique is frequently applied in the extrusion of hot-melt chocolate,[5,68,69] dough,[86,87] mashed potatoes,[88,89] meat puree,[68,70] and cheese.[90,91] Examples comprise printing through Fab@home and ChocALM to manufacture custom-designed food products prepared by different types of edible components. It is likely to develop custom-designed personalized constructs containing a great number of components with antioxidant activity with acceptable sensory sensations.[66]
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