Abstract
The environmental, social and economic potential of Dinaric uneven-aged forests along with the complex stand dynamics influenced by different long-term management approaches and environmental factors require comprehensive forest monitoring. This study aimed to explore differences in the current status and recent past dynamics of stand structures between unmanaged and managed mixed fir-beech forests in the Croatian part of the Dinaric Alps using large-scale data from an established monitoring system. From the 74 permanent sample plots distributed within the forest type measured in 2008 and re-measured in 2019, we stratified four strata (types of management regimes): (1) forests out of regular management and tree harvest for at least 30 years, (2) managed state forests on carbonate bedrock, (3) managed state forests on non-carbonate bedrock and (4) managed private forests. In each sample plot, 34 structural attributes were computed to assess indicators of their current status and recent past dynamics of stands in the studied forests. An increasing Q shape diameter distribution with a high number of large and very large trees characterize unmanaged forests and managed forests on non-carbonate bedrock. In managed state forests and private forests, variable (rotated sigmoid) and constant (negative exponential) results were obtained, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished managed and unmanaged forests with decreasing harvest volume and recruitment, increasing basal area, number of very large trees, average diameter at breast height (DBH), crown defoliation of firs and basal area of died beech trees. The current structure, recent and expected stand dynamics in the unmanaged forests (accumulation of standing volume, increase of large diameter trees and large snags, large share of beech, large mean DBH) can be recognized as old-growth attributes. The differences between the studied forest types, potential of both unmanaged and state managed fir-beech forests and approaches to sustain multifunctional forest management in the Dinaric region were discussed.
Highlights
IntroductionSilver fir (hereafter fir) forests are predominantly distributed in Central Europe from where they spread down to the southeast [1]
Silver fir forests are predominantly distributed in Central Europe from where they spread down to the southeast [1]
In this study we provided the first comprehensive landscape-level results of stand structure and recent stand dynamics within fir-beech stands in the Croatian Dinaric region that support the research hypotheses stated above
Summary
Silver fir (hereafter fir) forests are predominantly distributed in Central Europe from where they spread down to the southeast [1]. Of the total roughly 2 million hectares of forests, mixed uneven-aged silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)—European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Besides sites favorable for fir, there are localities at the micro borders (edges) of its appearance. The use of forests in Europe until the beginning of the 19th century was unplanned and extensive. It was characterized by individual logging, often aiming at high quality trees with a large diameter, similar to unregulated uneven-aged management. In the mid-19th century, uneven-aged forest management occurred in the Dinaric region [6]. It can be assumed that the driver for the establishment of uneven-aged management was the specific structure of fir-beech forests due to their high variability in soil depth and rockiness, resulting in a seemingly uneven-aged stand structure
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