Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
Highlights
The continuous interest of the market and the academy in biotechnological alternatives to the waste of byproducts and power attached to conventional industrial processes are opening and exploring new study fields in biocatalysis
The results proved that the lipase immobilized in bio-based Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) provided an economical, environmentally friendly, and viable solution for biodiesel synthesis [185]
The area of enzymatic biocatalysis has been very interested in this process, given the low costs of developing protocols and the high catalytic response offered by the emulsified catalytic derivative [264,269,270,271]
Summary
The continuous interest of the market and the academy in biotechnological alternatives to the waste of byproducts and power attached to conventional industrial processes are opening and exploring new study fields in biocatalysis. Acyl transfer reaction on the hydrolysis of ester bonds can create C–C bonds, acting in a wide range of solvents, making them one of the most widely used enzymes in industrial processes [6,20] Their main biotechnological applications are in the biotransformation of oils and fats in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and power production industries [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Lipase structure is built on the α/β hydrolase fold composed of a core of eight predominant parallel β filaments, forming a twisted central β sheet, surrounded by a variable number of α helices [38,39] Their catalytic triad is composed of nucleophilic serine, histidine, and glutamate or aspartate [38,39]. This study presents the latest research trends in the production of lipase biocatalysts and their optimized industrial applications
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