Abstract

Abstract Biosensors, first described in the early 1960s, have advanced in 30 years to an age of sophistication. Electrochemical biosensors, the first of such sensors, have become with improved methods of electron transfer, better immobilization procedures, and miniaturization a 500 million dollar business. New immuno-electrobiosensors and noninvasive sensing methods have brought the technology to a new frontier. In addition, other useful biosensors based on highly sensitive piezoelectric crystal-based biosensors and fiber optrodes have gained importance.

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