Abstract
This review acmes the latest developments of composites of metal oxides/sulfide comprising of graphene and its analogues as electrode materials in the construction of the next generation of supercapacitors (SCs). SCs have become an indispensable device of energy-storage modes. A prompt increase in the number of scientific accomplishments in this field, including publications, patents, and device fabrication, has evidenced the immense attention they have attracted from scientific communities. These efforts have resulted in rapid advancements in the field of SCs, focusing on the development of electrode materials with features of high performance, economic viability, and robustness. It has been demonstrated that carbon-based electrode materials mixed with metal oxides and sulfoxides can perform extremely well in terms of energy density, durability, and exceptional cyclic stability. Herein, the state-of-the-art technologies relevant to the fabrication, characterization, and property assessment of graphene-based SCs are discussed in detail, especially for the composite forms when mixing with metal sulfide, metal oxides, metal foams, and nanohybrids. Effective synthetic methodologies for the nanocomposite fabrications via intercalation, coating, wrapping, and covalent interactions will be reviewed. We will first introduce some fundamental aspects of SCs, and briefly highlight the impact of graphene-based nanostructures on the basic principle of SCs, and then the recent progress in graphene-based electrodes, electrolytes, and all-solid-state SCs will be covered. The important surface properties of the metal oxides/sulfides electrode materials (nickel oxide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxides, stannous oxide, nickel-cobalt sulfide manganese oxides, multiferroic materials like BaMnF, core-shell materials, etc.) will be described in each section as per requirement. Finally, we will show that composites of graphene-based electrodes are promising for the construction of the next generation of high performance, robust SCs that hold the prospects for practical applications.
Highlights
The intervention of energy in our daily life from the provision of hot water to the latest mobile gadgets is indispensable
Ionic liquids are classified as three major types: (1) protic, (2) aprotic, and (3) zwitterionic [55]
Existing reports have shown that the specific capacitances for graphene-based materials in H2SO4 electrolyte are greater than those using neutral electrolytes [74,75]
Summary
The intervention of energy in our daily life from the provision of hot water to the latest mobile gadgets is indispensable. Graphene-based materials with intriguing properties have shown to be a promising building block as electrode materials [16,17], and a wide range of graphene and its 2D analogues in conjunction with different additives, such as conducting polymers, metal oxides, core–shell structures, etc., could offer countless possibilities as electrodes for the construction of energy storage devices of improved performance [18]. In this graph, the values of specific energy are plotted versus specific power for the clear understanding of efficiencies of the fuel cell, batteries, SC, and capacitors [8]. Three vital parameters are significant for evaluating the performance of a SC device: capacitance—Cs, operating voltage—V, and the equivalent series resistance (ESR)
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