Abstract
The use of the rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis started as early as 1885, revealing a safe and efficient tool to prevent human rabies cases. Preventive vaccination is the basis for the control of canine-mediated rabies, which has already been eliminated from extensive parts of the world, including Europe. Plans to eliminate canine-mediated human rabies by 2030 have been agreed upon by international organisations. However, rabies vaccines are not efficacious against some divergent lyssaviruses. The presence in European indigenous bats of recently described lyssaviruses, which are not neutralised by antibody responses to existing vaccines, as well as the declaration of an imported case of an African lyssavirus, which also escapes vaccine-derived protection, leaves the European health authorities unable to provide efficacious protective vaccines to some potential situations of human exposure. All these circumstances highlight the need for a universal pan-lyssavirus rabies vaccine, able to prevent human rabies in all circumstances.
Highlights
Immunity against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in EuropeJuan E. Echevarría 1,2, * , Ashley C. Banyard 3,4,5 , Lorraine M. McElhinney 3 and Anthony R. Fooks 3,4,6 Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex BN1 9QG, UK Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK Received: 29 August 2019; Accepted: 18 September 2019; Published: 24 September 2019
European bat lyssaviruses type-1 (EBLV-1) is associated with more than 95% of the infected bats diagnosed in Europe and, with the exception of sporadic cases, with the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus), or its sibling species (Eptesicus isabellinus) in the southern
LBV is Strait of Gibraltar on bat populations is different depending on the species considered and connections an African lyssavirus for which rabies vaccines do not confer protective immunity [3]
Summary
Juan E. Echevarría 1,2, * , Ashley C. Banyard 3,4,5 , Lorraine M. McElhinney 3 and Anthony R. Fooks 3,4,6 Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex BN1 9QG, UK Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK Received: 29 August 2019; Accepted: 18 September 2019; Published: 24 September 2019
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