Abstract
Breast cancer is the second largest disease affecting women worldwide. It remains the most frequently reported and leading cause of death among women in both developed and developing countries. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are commonly used selective estrogen receptor modulators for treatment of breast cancer in women with high risk, although resistance occurs by tamoxifen after 5 years of therapy and both drugs cause uterine cancer and thromboembolic events. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are one of the optional modes used for breast cancer treatment. The combination of AIs along with tamoxifen can also be beneficial. Various therapeutic agents from different sources are being studied, which further need to be improved for potential outcome. For this, clinical trials based on large number of patients with optimal dose and lesser side effects have to be more in practice. Despite the clinical trials going on, there is need of better molecular models, which can identify high risk population, new agents with better benefit having less side effects, and improved biomarkers for treating breast cancer.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in the female population worldwide
poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) leads to decrease in NAD, ATP level in cell resulting in cell death and necrosis regulated by p53, which induced apoptosis and senescence upon exposure to Reactive oxygen species (ROS) [31]
Somatic mutation in cancer based on copy number, aberrations, nucleotide substitutions, and on subsets in breast cancer BRCA1/2 are found by dGene, DGIdb HER2, and ESR1 estrogen receptor (ER) gene mutations for finding a drug or kinase inhibitor
Summary
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in the female population worldwide. There are a number of factors responsible for causing breast cancer Dietary factors, such as high-fat diet, alcohol intake, smoking, obesity, higher levels of cholesterol, and iodine deficiency have high risk of cancer occurrence. About 9% cancer cases can be prevented by changing diet and body weight, e.g., Japanese women have less rate of breast cancer than Americans but when they shift their place, risk increases. In a cohort study in USA, 10 g of pure alcohol a day is limited for women and 20 g for men [4] Smoking is another factor, which increases the risk of breast cancer, especially those who smoke at an early age in their life have risk as high as 35–50% [5, 6]. The section discusses the molecular alterations during breast cancer, how various therapies and agents can prevent breast cancer, and how these agents can be modulated with better efficacy and positive outcome in treatment of the disease
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