Abstract
Fungi are known to contribute to the development of drastic biodeterioration of historical and valuable cultural heritage materials. Understandably, studies in this area are increasingly reliant on modern molecular biology techniques due to the enormous benefits they offer. However, classical culture dependent methodologies still offer the advantage of allowing fungal species biodeteriorative profiles to be studied in great detail. Both the essays available and the results concerning distinct fungal species biodeteriorative profiles obtained by amended plate essays, remain scattered and in need of a deep summarization. As such, the present work attempts to provide an overview of available options for this profiling, while also providing a summary of currently known fungal species putative biodeteriorative abilities solely obtained by the application of these methodologies. Consequently, this work also provides a series of checklists that can be helpful to microbiologists, restorers and conservation workers when attempting to safeguard cultural heritage materials worldwide from biodeterioration.
Highlights
Ubiquitous, chemoheterotrophic microorganisms, being able to grow in a vast number of materials and contributing to the development of various biodeterioration phenomena [2,3]
Creatine Sucrose agar (CREA) [46] followed by the analysis of medium color changes around growing colonies, or liquid media according to the formulations provided by Borrego and colleagues [47] followed by pH analysis, can be applied
As pointed and reviewed by Pyzik and colleagues [107] the application of highthroughput Next-Generation sequencing technologies has highlighted that cultural heritage materials are inhabited by various unknown microorganisms still pending taxonomic description and their biodeteriorative profiling
Summary
The Fungal Kingdom comprises a highly diverse eukaryotic group able to inhabit every ecological niche available on the Planet [1]. -omics technologies, molecular innovative culture independent methodologies such as -omics technologies, molecular data is becoming increasingly more valuable for the identification of the microbes, the isdata becoming increasingly more valuable for the identification of the microbes, the charactercharacterization of theirfunctions metabolic and theirbyproducts deteriorative [17] Methodologies such astranscriptomics, metagenomics,metabolomics transcriptomics, and proteomics such as metagenomics, and metabolomics proteomics revolutionized the revolutionized the field and are increasingly allowing understanding of but microbial diverfield and are increasingly allowing understanding of microbial diversity, species sity, butand alsoholistic speciescontributions specific and holistic contributions to various materials biodeterioraspecific to various materials biodeterioration phenomena tion phenomena.
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